The Story Of Mansa Musa, The Real 'Black Panther' - VIBE.com Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. These conflicts also interrupted trade. [11][b] In Mand tradition, it was common for one's name to be prefixed by their mother's name, so the name Kanku Musa means "Musa, son of Kanku", although it is unclear if the genealogy implied is literal. Mansa Musa began extending the shores of the empire alongside amassing great wealth and riches. by UsefulCharts. During the height of Sundiata's power, the land of Manden (the area populated by the Mandinka people) became one of its provinces. The tarikh states that a Sultan Kunburu became a Muslim and had his palace pulled down and the site turned into a mosque; he then built another palace for himself near the mosque on the east side. Mali's domain also extended into the desert. [79][80], Musa's reign is commonly regarded as Mali's golden age, but this perception may be the result of his reign being the best recorded by Arabic sources, rather than him necessarily being the wealthiest and most powerful mansa of Mali. Arabic sources omit Faga Leye, referring to Musa as Musa ibn Abi Bakr. However, the legendary oral tradition that surrounds Keita suggests that he never turned away from his native religion. [112] Still, no help came from the envoy and further possessions of Mali were lost one by one. [26] Sariq Jata may be another name for Sunjata, who was actually Musa's great-uncle. He ruled oppressively and nearly bankrupted Mali with his lavish spending. World History Encyclopedia. Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) was the king of the ancient empire of Mali in West Africa. Only sofa were equipped by the state, using bows and poisoned arrows. [j][52][53] While in Cairo, Musa met with the Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, whose reign had already seen one mansa, Sakura, make the hajj. The Mali Empire expanded through conquest or annexation. Using the reign lengths reported by Ibn Khaldun to calculate back from the death of Mansa Suleyman in 1360, Musa would have died in 1332. The mansa could also replace a farba if he got out of control, as in the case of Diafunu. This is the least known period in Mali's imperial history. [84] Then an enslaved court official, Sakura, seized power. Afterward, he put himself and his kingdom, West Africa's Mali, on the map, literally. This can be interpreted as either "Musa son of Abu Bakr" or "Musa descendant of Abu Bakr." Mansa Musa ruled the Malian empire from 1312-1337 CE. so the name Kanku Musa means "Musa, son of Kanku", although it is unclear if the genealogy implied is literal. The Wolof populations of the area united into their own state known as the Jolof Empire in the 1350s. Another testimony from Ibn Khaldun describes the grand pilgrimage of Mansa Musa consisting of 12,000 slaves: "He made a pilgrimage in 724/1324 []. Malink, also known as Mande, Mali, or Melle, was founded around 1200 CE, and under Mansa Musa's reign . [43] Perhaps because of this, Musa's early reign was spent in continuous military conflict with neighboring non-Muslim societies. [9] Upon Leo Africanus's visit at the beginning of the 16th century, his descriptions of the territorial domains of Mali showed that it was still a kingdom of considerable size. Mansa Musa, also known as Musa Keita I of Mali, was the tenth Sultan of the Mali Empire. World History Encyclopedia, 17 Oct 2020. It was "an admirable Monument", surmounted by a dome and adorned with arabesques of striking colours. Mansa Musa (about 1280 - about 1337) was an emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. At each halt, he would regale us [his entourage] rare foods and confectionery. [e] After the loss of the first expedition, Muhammad led the second expedition himself. At its peak, Mali was the largest empire in West Africa, widely influencing the culture of the region through the spread of its language, laws and customs. King of Kings in the Mandinka language a reference to a great ruler in the Mali Empire of ancient Africa. Sandaki likely means High Counsellor or Supreme Counsellor, from san or sanon (meaning "high") and adegue (meaning counsellor). By 1180 it had even subjugated Wagadou forcing the Sonink to pay tribute. The organization and smooth administration of a purely African empire, the founding of the University of Sankore, the expansion of trade in Timbuktu, the architectural innovations in Gao, Timbuktu, and Niani and, indeed, throughout the whole of Mali and in the subsequent Songhai empire are all testimony to Mansa Mss superior administrative gifts. [79] Some oral traditions agree with Ibn Khaldun in indicating that a son of Sunjata, named Yerelinkon in oral tradition and Wali in Arabic, took power as Sunjata's successor. Mansa Musa also ran out of gold on the hajj to Mecca but was not concerned because he knew he had enough gold back in Mali to pay back everyone he owed money to. In that year he succeeded his father, Abu Bakr II, to the throne and thus gained the hereditary title of mansa. [125] Farin was a general term for northern commander at the time. The last son of Maghan Keita I, Tenin Maghan Keita (also known as Kita Tenin Maghan Keita for the province he once governed) was crowned Mansa Maghan Keita II in 1387. [93] Only at the state or province level was there any palpable interference from the central authority in Niani. The family tree of Mansa Musa. And so the name Keita became a clan/family and began its reign.[70]. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Al-Nasir expected Musa to prostrate himself before him, which Musa initially refused to do. Mansa Fadima Musa Keita, or Mansa Musa Keita II, began the process of reversing his brother's excesses. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. It spanned the modern-day countries of Senegal, southern Mauritania, Mali, northern Burkina Faso, western Niger, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, the Ivory Coast and northern Ghana. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Musa was a Muslim, and his pilgrimage to Mecca, also known as hajj, made him well known across Northern Africa and the Middle East. This is the first account of a West African kingdom made directly by an eyewitness; the others are usually second-hand. Accounts of how many people and how much gold he spent vary. Mansa Sandaki Keita, a descendant of kankoro-sigui Mari Djata Keita, deposed Maghan Keita II, becoming the first person without any Keita dynastic relation to officially rule Mali. His descendants migrated to the land of Mali and established the Mandinka clan of Keita. Still, by the time of Mansa Musa Keita II's death in 1387, Mali was financially solvent and in control of all of its previous conquests short of Gao and Dyolof. The Twelve Doors of Mali were a coalition of conquered or allied territories, mostly within Manden, with sworn allegiance to Sundiata and his descendants. One of the greatest caravans to ever cross the Sahara was led by Mansa Musa, the legendary ruler of the vast West African empire of Mali. [91] Historians such as Hadrien Collet have argued that Musa's wealth is impossible to accurately calculate. As a result of this the empire fell. [27] The date of Musa's birth is unknown, but he still appeared to be a young man in 1324. His reign came with huge physical, economic and intellectual development in the Mali Empire. The Black emperors great civility notwithstanding, the meeting between the two rulers might have ended in a serious diplomatic incident, for so absorbed was Mansa Ms in his religious observances that he was only with difficulty persuaded to pay a formal visit to the sultan. Al-Umari, who wrote down a description of Mali based on information given to him by Abu Said 'Otman ed Dukkali (who had lived 35 years in the capital), reported the realm as being square and an eight-month journey from its coast at Tura (at the mouth of the Senegal River) to Muli. He also brought architects from the Middle East and across Africa to design new buildings for his cities. The earliest document mentioning the mosque is Abd al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan, which gives the early history, presumably from the oral tradition as it existed in the mid seventeenth century. [102], The Songhai settlement effectively shook off Mali's authority in 1375. The only real requirement was that the mansa knew he could trust this individual to safeguard imperial interests. [86] After Sakura's death, power returned to the line of Sunjata, with Wali's son Qu taking the throne. The Gbara or Great Assembly would serve as the Mandinka deliberative body until the collapse of the empire in 1645. There was also a palace conspiracy to overthrow him hatched by the Qasa (the Manding term meaning Queen) Kassi and several army commanders. [47], According to Jules Vidal and Levtzion, citing oral histories from Kangaba and Keyla, another onetime capital was Manikoro or Mali-Kura, founded after the destruction of Niani. Ibn Battuta observed the employment of servants in both towns. Masuta the Descended - The RuneScape Wiki Several alternate spellings exist, such as Congo Musa, Gongo Musa, and Kankan Musa, but they are regarded as incorrect. Musa I (known more commonly as Mansa Musa) was the tenth Mansa (a Mandinka word for "emperor") of the Mali Empire. You cannot download interactives. [123] Segou, defended by Bitn Coulibaly, successfully defended itself and Mama Maghan was forced to withdraw. [20] Additional information comes from two 17th-century manuscripts written in Timbuktu, the Tarikh Ibn al-Mukhtar[c] and the Tarikh al-Sudan. The House of Saud is ruled by the descendants of King Abdulaziz, who founded and unified Saudi Arabia in 1932. [129] The county level administrators called kafo-tigui (county-master) were appointed by the governor of the province from within his own circle. No single Keita ever ruled Manden after Mahmud Keita IV's death, resulting in the end of the Mali Empire. All of them agree that he took a very large group of people; the mansa kept a personal guard of some 500 men,[94] and he gave out so many alms and bought so many things that the value of gold in Egypt and Arabia depreciated for twelve years. Upon his return in 1324, Ms Is pious pilgrimage inspired him to commission two enormous mosques in Timbuktu and Gao. [5] In c. 1285 Sakoura, a former royal court slave, became emperor and was one of Mali's most powerful rulers, greatly expanding the empire's territory. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. He left Kanku Musa, a grandson of Sunjata's brother Mande Bori, in charge during his absence. Lange, Dierk (1996), "The Almoravid expansion and the downfall of Ghana", Der Islam 73 (2): 313351. [60] In return for their submission, they became "farbas", a combination of the Mandinka words "farin" and "ba" (great farin). jeli), also known as griots, includes relatively little information about Musa compared to some other parts of the history of Mali. During this period only the Mongol Empire was larger. [142][143] Numerous sources attest that the inland waterways of West Africa saw extensive use of war canoes and vessels used for war transport where permitted by the environment. His reign is associated with numerous construction projects, including part of Djinguereber Mosque in Timbuktu. 24 June, 2022. "Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali." Ibn Khaldun recorded that in 776 A.H or 1374/1375 AD he interviewed a Sijilmasan scholar named Muhammad b. Wasul who had lived in Gao and had been employed in its judiciary. As soon as Sassouma's son Dankaran Touman took the throne, he and his mother forced the increasingly popular Sundjata into exile along with his mother and two sisters. He sought closer ties with the rest of the Muslim world, particularly the Mamluk and Marinid Sultanates. However, many believe Mansa Musa's wealth outdoes that of all modern billionaires. Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived? - BBC News Mansa Musa returned from Mecca with several Islamic scholars, including direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad and an Andalusian poet and architect by the name of Abu Es Haq es Saheli,. Research/Artwork: From Nothing Team. Please check the original source(s) for copyright information. Therefore, Arabic visitors may have assigned the "capital" label merely to whatever major city the mansa was based out of at the time of their visit. He was the first African ruler to be widely known throughout Europe and the Middle East. [69] The university became a center of learning and culture, drawing Muslim scholars from around Africa and the Middle East to Timbuktu. At Taghaza, for example, salt was exchanged; at Takedda, copper. The value of the salt was chiefly determined by the transport costs. Mansa Musa came from his country with 80 loads of gold dust (tibr), each load weighing three qintars. Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) was the king of the ancient empire of Mali in West Africa. The kingdom of Mali was relatively unknown outside of West Africa until this event. Traveling separately from the main caravan, their return journey to Cairo was struck by catastrophe. Mansa Musa turned the kingdom of Mali into a sophisticated center of learning in the Islamic world.Mansa Musa came to power in 1312 C.E., after the previous king, Abu Bakr II, disappeared at sea. [15] Leo Africanus said that the capital city was called Melli. He's especially famous for his hajj to Mecca, during which he sponsored numerous mosques and madrases, and supposedly spent so much gold along the way that the metal was severely devalued, which for many people was not a very good thing. Mande bards in the region speak of the Dakajalan site, containing Sundiata's grave, as sacrosanct. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKi-ZerboNiane (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLevztionHopkins2000 (. It was cut into pieces and spent on goods with close to equal buying power throughout the empire. [39] Her jamu (clan name) Konte is shared with both Sunjata's mother Sogolon Konte and his arch-enemy Sumanguru Konte. Timbuktu was a place of trade, entertainment, and education. [82], Musa is less renowned in Mand oral tradition as performed by the jeliw. [40] In fact, there is a conspicuous absence of archaeological samples of any kind from Niani dated to the late 13th through early 15th centuries, suggesting that Niani may have been uninhabited during the heyday of the Mali Empire. It then seized Timbuktu from the Tuareg in 1468 under Sunni Ali Ber. [19], Much of what is known about Musa comes from Arabic sources written after his hajj, especially the writings of Al-Umari and Ibn Khaldun. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Musa's reign is often regarded as the zenith of Mali's power and prestige. After the loyalty or at least the capitulation of an area was assured, it was allowed to select its own dyamani-tigui. World History Encyclopedia. Le Plerinage La Mecque de Mansa Musa (724725/13241325) d'aprs des Nouvelles Sources", "The Big Secret of Celebrity Wealth (Is That No One Knows Anything)", The International Journal of African Historical Studies, "West African empires. As a result of steady tax revenue and stable government beginning in the last quarter of the 13th century, the Mali Empire was able to project its power throughout its own extensive domain and beyond. Mansa Musa eventually gained the throne owing to a strange sequence of events that turned in his favor. [57], Modern oral traditions also related that the Mandinka kingdoms of Mali or Manden had already existed several centuries before Sundiata's unification as a small state just to the south of the Sonink empire of Wagadou, better known as the Ghana Empire. Three bowmen supporting one spearman was the ratio in Kaabu and the Gambia by the mid-16th century. In addition, the moral and religious principles he had taught his subjects endured after his death. Who is the richest monarch in the world? - coalitionbrewing.com Mama Maghan, mansa of Kangaba, campaigned against the Bamana in 1667 and laid siege to SegouKoro for a reported three years. Mans third spouse tells court he was a despot, Woman describes treatment in Aguanga torture trial, Social worker: Children in torture case appeared happy, healthy, Calif. torture trial airs family horror stories, Polygamist who tortured his family is sentenced to 7 life terms, Aguanga man to serve seven life sentences, Emerging from a notorious hell of abuse to counsel others, Laura Cowan, Mansa Musa Muhummed: Sex, Torture, Beatings In Muslim Cult, Former Polygamy Wife Speaks Out On Justice By Any Means. [86] Fajigi is remembered as having traveled to Mecca to retrieve ceremonial objects known as boliw, which feature in Mand traditional religion. We all know of Mansa Musa, possibly the richest man to ever exist. The Mali Empire reached its largest area under the Laye Keita mansas. Mansa Musa (1280-1337) Mansa Musa, fourteenth century emperor of the Mali Empire, is the medieval African ruler most known to the world outside Africa. The Portuguese decided to stay out of the conflict and the talks concluded by 1495 without an alliance.[110]. Wagadou and Mema became junior partners in the realm and part of the imperial nucleus. Forty years after the reign of Mansa Musa Keita I, the Mali Empire still controlled some 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000sqmi) of land throughout Western Africa.[103][9]. Scholars have located the capital in Niani, or somewhere on the Niger, or proposed that it changed several times, that there was no true capital, or even that it lay as far afield as the upper Gambia River in modern-day Senegal. Mali borrowed the practice to stem inflation of the substance, since it was so prominent in the region. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/video/2147/mansa-musa-family-tree--empire-of-mali/. The only Mandinka power spared from the campaign was Kangaba. Mansa Musa brought the architect back to Mali to beautify some of the cities.
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