Unfortunately, this got the ball rolling for Othellos inevitable downfall. To wronged Othellos service. Othello Zootopia Act 1 The wall Othello is referring to are the Walls of Nicosia which surround the capital city Nicosia in Cyprus. No single motive is relied on for long, and the gap between cause and effect, between the pettiness of Iagos grudges and the monstrousness of his behavior, prompted Samuel Taylor Coleridge in a memorable phrase to characterize Iagos motiveless malignity. There is in Iago a zest for villainy and a delight in destruction, driven more by his hatred and contempt for any who oppose his conception of jungle law than by a conventional naturalistic explanation based on jealousy or envy. Desdemona is shown as the most pure and proper of the women in Othello and is put into the center of all the drama. However, for Othello this is not the case. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single person, but is rather the consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments, misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification revealed by the characters. Because of that, it has generated a lot of literary criticism in the 400 years since it was written and first . Thus archetype is recognized as the tendency to form and reform images in relation to certain kinds of repeated experience, which may vary in individual cultures, authors, and readers (Lauter and Rupprecht 13-14). By speaking of soul as a primary metaphor, rather than defining soul substantively and attempting to derive its ontological status from empirical demonstration or theological (metaphysical) argument, archetypal psychology recognizes that psychic reality is inextricably involved with rhetoric (Hillman, Archetypal 19). The character of Iago is so conducted, that he is from the first scene to the last hated and despised. Van Meurs also does a service by resurrecting successful but neglected early studies, such as Elizabeth Drews of T. S. Eliot (1949), and discovering value even in reductionist and impressionistic studies, such as June Singers of Blake. Here are some ways our essay examples library can help you with your assignment: Read our Academic Honor Code for more information on how to use (and how not to use) our library. Aristotles theory is not the final word on tragedy, however it can support in pinpointing the pivotal traits in. "), "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." A storm has dispersed the Venetian fleet so that Cassio arrives first, anxious for Othello's safety. Kibin. Her Jungian Approach to Literature attempts to cover the Finnish epic The Kalevala, the Persian Atars The Conference of the Birds, and texts by Euripides, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Michel de Montaigne, Pierre Corneille, Goethe, Novalis, Rabbi ben Simhah Nachman, and W. B. Yeats. For the onlookers on stage, the final tableau of the dead Desdemona and Othello poisons sight and provokes the command to Let it be hid. The witnesses on stage cannot compute rationally what has occurred nor why, but the audience has been given a privileged view of the battle between good and evil worked out in the private recesses of a bedroom and a human soul. Misled by the handkerchief, his love token to Desdemona, that Iago has planted in Cassios room and by a partially overheard conversation between Iago and Cassio, Othello, by the end of act 3, forsakes his wife and engages himself in a perverse version of the marriage ceremony of act 2 to Iago. His expression of his jealousy quickly devolves from the conventional"Farewell the tranquil mind"to the absurd: Farewell the plum'd troops and the big wars. Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play when he completely falls into the evil trap that Iago set for him. The first two acts of the play enact the standard pattern of Shakespeares romantic comedies. They also attest to his self-confessed lack of interest in literature: I feel not naturally drawn to what one calls literature, but I am strangely attracted by genuine fiction, i.e., fantastical invention (Letters 1:509). : In this quote, Othello is stating that his wife's supposed infidelity has ruined his name and turned it "black" and dirty like his own face, showing that a woman's fidelity was linked to a man's honor. Othello is the most painfully exciting and the most terrible. Nor set down aught in malice. After Othello was convinced that Desdemona was cheating on him, Othello had started to show his disappointment with her. Hillman invokes Henri Corbin (1903-78), French scholar, philosopher, and mystic known for his work on Islam, as the second father of archetypal psychology. Farewell / Commend me to my kind lord. Toril Moi, trans. Jung most frequently used myth (or mythologem) for the narrative expression, on the ethnological level (Collected 9, pt. Discuss The Archetypes Of The Tragedy In Othello | 123 Help Me Of one not easily jealous but, being wrought, Bettina Knapps 1984 effort at an authoritative demonstration of archetypal literary criticism exemplified this pattern. As the story unfolds Othellos character evolves in an extremely tragic way as Iago manipulates him and leaves him to rot in his misery. In The Tragedy of Othello, Shakespeare details the story of a celebrated military hero who falls victim to the machinations of a conniving villain who goes by the name of Iago. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. archetypal criticism in othello Northrop frye archetypal criticism - WikiEducator In this play there are only three women in the entire play. Iago leads Othello to suspect that love and devotion are shams disguising the basest of animalistic instincts. 364-367). Archetypal Literary Criticism. Frye, then, first misinterprets Jungian theory by insisting on a Lamarckian view of genetic transmission of archetypes, which Jung explicitly rejected, and later settles on a concept of archetype as a literary occurrence per se, an exclusively intertextual recurring phenomenon resembling a convention (99). This type of criticism was first experimented by Maud Bodkin, in his book Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (1934). Kibin does not guarantee the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of the essays in the library; essay content should not be construed as advice. Cinthios version of Iago is conventionally driven by jealousy of a superior and lust for his wife. "Who can control his fate?" Just another site. How To Write An Archetypal Criticism Essay - quality-managers.org Othello's Integrity One of Othello's admirable qualities is that he believes that men should be transparent and honest as he is; "Certain, men should be what they seem" (Act 3 Scene 3 Line 134). Emilia in Othello: Character Analysis & Quotes - Study.com He notes that Singers Unholy Bible: A Psychological Interpretation of William Blake (1970), though oversimplified in its psychobiographical approach and its treatment of characters as psychological projections of the author, does make original use in a literary context of such Jungian techniques of dream interpretation as amplification and of such fantasy-evoking procedures as active imagination.. You elements that clip us round about, Vindicated by the duke of Venice and the senate, Othello, accompanied by Desdemona, takes up his military duties in the face of a threatened Turkish invasion, and the lovers are given a triumphal wedding-like procession and marriage ceremony when they disembark on Cyprus. Alfiero, like Iago, similarly arouses the Moors suspicions by stealing Disdemonas handkerchief and planting it in Cassios bed-room. Othellos motivation in the play appears to be his love and concern for his wife Desdemona, which ironically, ends up being his downfall in the end. When Othello cant dismiss his suspicions of his wife being unfaithful any longer he starts to lose his morality . The essays in our library are intended to serve as content examples to inspire you as you write your own essay. Between William Shakespeares most expansive and philosophical tragediesHamlet and King Learis Othello, his most constricted and heart-breaking play. Sign up The example essays in Kibin's library were written by real students for real classes. In spite of his elevated status, he is nevertheless easy prey to insecurities because of his age, his life as a soldier, and his race. Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Analysis of Stuart Halls Encoding/Decoding, Jacques Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play. : 2022625 : archetypal criticism in othello Van Meurss bibliography conveys the great variety of Jungian writings on literature even within one language, the increasingly recognized potential for further development and use of Jungs ideas, and the growth in numbers of literary scholars falling under the influence of Jung. Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. Archetypal school of literary criticism is a type of literary criticism that is concerned with recurring myths and archetypes in symbols, characters, actions, and situations within literary pieces. while we are reading any of [Shakespeare's] great criminal characters - we think not so much of the crimes which they commit, as of the ambition, the aspiring spirit, the intellectual activity which prompts them to . When he realizes the grave mistake he had made by taking an honest Desdemona's life he can no longer live with himself. He carries out his own execution for a violation that threatens social and psychic order. Archetypal Analysis | R-bloggers Where a malignant and a turband Turk Other forms previously labeled Jungian are here subsumed under the term archetypal because whatever their immediate specific focus, these forms operate on a set of assumptions derived from Jung and accept the depth-psychological structure posited by Jung. O, farewell! Desdemona on her deathbed, still defends her Lords actions. What makes you cringe? By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself. Archetypal criticism proceeds from the initial assumption that every work of literature can be categorized and fitted into a large framework that encompasses all literature. His final speech mixes together the acknowledgment of what he was and what he has become, who he is and how he would like to be remembered: I have done the state some service, and they knowt. Othello Essay Questions | GradeSaver Due to the Moor, my lord. But heres my husband; Feminist archetypal theory, proceeding inductively, restored Jungs original emphasis on the fluid, dynamic nature of the archetype, drawing on earlier feminist theory as well as the work of Jungian Erich Neumann to reject absolutist, ahistorical, essentialist, and transcendentalist misinterpretations. But Jung's theory of the archetypes of the collective unconscious differs . Iagos motivation is anything but explainable in conventional terms. the characters in Shakespeare's play Othello ever challenge the right of a husband to murder a wife accused of adultery. Othello sends Emilia outside to guard the door. The main ideas of Othello are jealousy and revenge. For the fair devil. How is archetypal criticism used to discuss Othello Archetypal Now art thou my lieutenant. (2.1.191-93) Setting the scene. The play imitates life through basic human emotions such as jealousy and rage. In Shakespeare's, An outburst that othello has in a crowd of his peers causes people to start to question their noble leader. He offers throughout the play multiple justifi cations for his intrigue: He has been passed over in favor of Cassio; he suspects the Moor and Cassio with his wife, Emilia; he is envious of Cassios open nature; and he is desirous of Desdemona himself. What is a tragic hero and why is Othello considered one? Wow! Their union is opposed by Desdemonas father, Brabantio, and by a rival for Desdemona, Roderigo, who in the plays opening scenes are both provoked against Othello by Iago. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single villain, but is rather a consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments and misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification exhibited by all of the participants. This does not stop her, though, from continuing to care for Othello. Othello - Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Role of the Archetypal Symbols The handercheif is utilized throught Othello to demonstrate the loyalty of Desdemona, as well as Othello's love for her. The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. As the play progresses, and Iagos plan culminates, Othellos good fortune begins to turn. And so much duty as my mother showd While adding to the tone of the story it also adds to the characters overall personality from the reader's perspective. James Hillman, Archetypal Psychology: A Brief Account (1983), Re-Visioning Psychology (1975); C. G. Jung, Collected Works (ed. The contrast is most pronounced from the beginning of the play to its conclusion, switching from being calm and peaceful to acts of uncontrolled venomous rage. Richer than all his tribe. - Alfredo Alvarez, student @ Miami University, We use cookies to provide the best possible experience on our site. Othello must now face the realization of what he has done. Othello Criticism - Essay - eNotes.com Northrop Frye, however, further developed this theory in his book Anatomy of Criticism and later in his essay 'The Archetypes in Literature . This assignment is intended to encourage you, and require you . Othello is a man of high rank in Venice. Each literary theory will examine the text through different lenses, resulting in different interpretations. His works range from ingenious poems, such as Fear No More, to plays, such as The Tragedy of Othello. "In Sidney's view, tragedy provokes "the affects of admiration and commiseration" and so demonstrates "the uncertainty of this world". They were built to defen the city of Nicosia during the Otto-man Venetian war. Finally, Othello arrives giving him the opportunity to renew his marriage vows to Desdemona: It gives me wonder great as my content For Jung, archetype is an explanatory paraphrase of the Platonic eidos (9, pt. To protect the anonymity of contributors, we've removed their names and personal information from the essays. O, damn her, damn her! Iago reviews Othellos performance as a lover by stating, O, you are well tuned now, / But Ill set down the pegs that make this music. Iago will now orchestrate discord and disharmony based on a life philosophy totally opposed to the ennobling and selfless concept of love demonstrated by the newlyweds. Iago's intelligence and wit allows him to make good sport of the protagonists of the play, sending Othello to his doom and that of his family. 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Free Feminist On Othello Essays and Papers | 123 Help Me 1: 67), of the archetypes, which he described as patterns of psychic energy originating in the collective unconscious and finding their most common and most normal manifestation in dreams (8:287). Let him command, And to obey shall be in me remorse, O my souls joy, As Iago asserts to Roderigo, Virtue? . He has already judged and condemned her, but he is still hunting evidence, seeking to justify to himself the stand he has already taken. The term "archetype" can be traced to Plato (arche, "original"; typos, "form"), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work . Innocent characters also suffer, like Desdemona. If it were now to die Home Drama Criticism Analysis of William Shakespeares Othello, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 25, 2020 ( 0 ). Not with vain thanks, but with acceptance bounteous, "Now will I question assio of ianca, As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad; . During the play Iago manipulates Othello because Lieutenant Cassio was promoted ahead of him, and also because he suspects that Othello has had an affair with his wife. The term 'archetype' is taken from the Greek words 'arche' (beginning) and 'typos' (imprint). Othello was crafted at the dawn of the 17th century, shaped by complex social and geopolitical issues that new historicist critics, who seek to place literary works within a historical framework, have recently sought to unravel. Such characters can be found in works of fiction, long or short, and in more poetic works. Succeeds in unknown fate. Comparing the amount written about the two plays, people find Hamlet more interesting to discuss. Key quotation (Aside) O, you are well tuned now!But I'll set down the pegs that make this music, As honest as I am. . Source: Groden, Michael, and Martin Kreiswirth. Here are some examples of archetype in Shakespearean works: Lover: Romeo ("Romeo and Juliet"), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet"), Antony ("Antony and Cleopatra") Hero: Othello ("Othello"), Hamlet . So much I challenge that I may profess This juxtaposition between Othello's transparency and Iago's duality identifies him as a sympathetic character despite his actions. Archetypal literary criticism | Cram The intensity and focus of Othello is unalleviated by subplots, comic relief, or any mitigation or consolation for the deterioration of the noble Moor and his collapse into murder and suicide. This scene has suggested to some critics that Iagos true motivation for destroying the marriage of Desdemona and Othello is a repressed homosexual love for Othello. His imagination is excited to intense activity, but it is the activity of concentration rather than dilation. Issues of genre, period, and language were ignored or subjected to gross generalization as Jung searched for universals in texts as disparate as the fourth-century Shepherd of Hermas, the Divine Comedy, Francesco Colonnas Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499), E. T. A. Hoffmans tales, Pierre Benoits LAtlantide (1919-20), and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Hiawatha, as well as works by Carl Spitteler and William Blake. A feminist critique of the character Desdemona in Shakespeares "Othello Rashness: The play is replete with rash decisions. That Cassios not alive. Othello Archetypal Tragic Hero Analysis - 1236 Words | Bartleby Desdemonas true morals is her absolute devotion to her husband. And despite frequently perceptive readings, the work is marred by the characteristic limitless expansionism and psychological utilitarianism of her interpretive scheme. He is the general of the Venetian army and a well respected man by the towns noble men. Myth criticism grew in part as a reaction to the formalism of New Criticism, while archetypal criticism based on Jung was never linked with any academic tradition and remained organically bound to its roots in depth psychology: the individual and collective psyche, dreams, and the analytic process. Othello: I greet thy love, We'll take a look right away. The present essay, "Archetypes of Literature," is taken from the book. Examples of Archetype in Shakespearean Works. In Shakespeare?s play Othello, Othello himself is the tragic hero. One excellent example of such an approach, G. M. Matthews's 'Othello and the Dignity of Man', has been referred to at the end of the section devoted to historical and social criticism. This article, then, treats the only form of literary theory and criticism consistent with and derived directly from the psychological principles advanced by Jung. An equal case can be made that Iago here completes his role as Vice, borrowed from the medieval morality plays, sealing the Faustian bargain for Othellos soul in this mock or black marriage scene. Othello: A Survey of Criticism :: Internet Shakespeare Editions - UVic.ca Thus, all contrastive categorization would benefit from archetypal analysis. An archetype criticism of othello, a play by william shakespeare. PDF Archetypal/Mythological Criticism Archetypal Criticism Volume I. Historical-Cultural Criticism In William Shakespeare's Othello While acknowledging the grave weaknesses of much Jungian writing on literature as unsubtle and rigid application of preconceived psychological notions and schemes resulting in particularly ill-judged or distorted readings, van Meurs still finds that sensitively, flexibly and cautiously used, Jungian psychological theory may stimulate illuminating literary interpretations (14-15). Hillman also discovers archetypal precursors in Neoplatonism, Heraclitus, Plotinus, Proclus, Marsilio Ficino, and Giambattista Vico. Cultural criticism is exploring or examining the relationship of dominant role based on ethnicity, and sexual identity of person, also a great understanding of yourself. That not another comfort like to this The men of the play manipulate her image of a naive lover to being a strumpet! (V.ii.94). He had even gone as far as hitting her (4.1 134). Othello is a tragedy plan written by William Shakespeare. Northrop Frye has been the most influential of those critics who have argued that archetypal patterns underlie the modes, plots and genres of literary works. These patterns and themes, often referred to as archetypes, are believed to be present in the collective unconscious of all human beings . The tragedy of Othello, written by William Shakespeare, presents the main character Othello, as a respectable, honorable, and dignified man, but because of his insecurities and good nature, he is easily taken advantage of and manipulated by his peers and alleged friends. But the great literary text for Jungs life and work was Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Faust, not because of its literary qualities but because he sensed that the drama expressed his own personal myth (Letters 1:309-10). Reading example essays works the same way! As hells from heaven. Archetypal Criticism - SlideShare Shakespeare derived his plot from Giraldi Cinthios Tale of the Moor, in the story collection Hecatommithi (1565), reshaping Cinthios sensational tale of jealousy, intrigue, and murder in several key ways. The traits of the tragic hero lead the audience to feel compassion for the helpless victim. However, the Moor and Alfiero join forces to kill Disdemona, beating her to death with a stocking filled with sand before pulling down the ceiling on her dead body to conceal the crime as an accident. Placing responsibility in the stars - he calls Desdemona an "ill-starred wench" - is hardly a gallant course of action. In the essay Frye critically analyses literature against the backdrop of rituals and myths. (3.3.54) Ex. ARCHETYPES OF LITERATURE BY NORTHROP FRYE PDF - PDF Portland archetypal criticism in othello america undercover life of crime Juni 12, 2022. used kawai upright piano . However, Othello's words give a deeper insight into how he still misunderstands the situation. Thus criticism evolving from his work is more accurately named archetypal and is quite distinct from myth criticism. Othello Act 4, scene 2 Summary & Analysis | LitCharts
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